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Free, publicly-accessible full text available July 16, 2026
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This work demonstrates the design protocols for high-energy-density solid-state Li–S batteries (SSLSBs). Also, it highlights the challenging issues for achieving practical SSLSBs towards the application in next-level electric transportation.more » « lessFree, publicly-accessible full text available November 11, 2025
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Abstract We report on the enhancement of electrical properties of unsubstituted polythiophene (PT) through oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) and mild plasma treatment. The work function of p-type oCVD PT increases after the treatment, indicating the Fermi level shift toward the valence band edge and an increase in carrier density. In addition, regardless of initial values, nearly the same work function is obtained for all the plasma-treated oCVD PT films as high as ∼5.25 eV, suggesting the pseudo-equilibrium state is reached in the oCVD PT from the plasma treatment. This increase in carrier density after plasma treatment is attributed to the activation of initially not-activated dopant species (i.e. neutrally charged Br), which is analogous to the release of trapped charge carriers to the valence band of the oCVD PT. The enhancement of electrical properties of oCVD PT is directly related to the improvement of the thin film transistor performance such as drain current on/off ratio, ∼103and field effect mobility, 2.25 × 10−2cm2Vs−1, compared to untreated counterparts of 102and 0.09 × 10−2cm Vs−1, respectively.more » « less
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Abstract Recent advancements in 3D printing technology have expanded its application to manufacturing pressure sensors. By harnessing the cost‐effectiveness, streamlined processes, and design flexibility of 3D printing, sensor fabrication can be customized to meet specific performance needs. Thus far, 3D printing in pressure sensor development has been primarily limited to creating molds for transferring patterns onto flexible substrates, restricting both material selection and sensor performance. To fully unlock the potential of 3D printing in advanced pressure sensor fabrication, it is crucial to establish effective design rules focused on enhancing the figure of merit performance. This study introduces a universal design strategy aimed at maintaining high sensitivity across a wide pressure range—a challenging feat, as sensitivity significantly decreases at higher pressures. Our approach centers on engineering the deformability of 3D‐printed structures, achieving a linear increase in contact area between sensor patterns and electrodes without reaching saturation. Sensors designed with high elongation and low stiffness exhibit consistent sensitivity of 162.5 kPa⁻¹ across a broad pressure range (0.05–300 kPa). Mechanistic investigations through finite element analysis confirm that engineered deformability is key to achieving this enhanced linear response, offering robust sensing capabilities for demanding applications such as deep‐sea and space exploration.more » « less
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Abstract A new manufacturing paradigm is showcased to exclude conventional mold‐dependent manufacturing of pressure sensors, which typically requires a series of complex and expensive patterning processes. This mold‐free manufacturing leverages high‐resolution 3D‐printed multiscale microstructures as the substrate and a gas‐phase conformal polymer coating technique to complete the mold‐free sensing platform. The array of dome and spike structures with a controlled spike density of a 3D‐printed substrate ensures a large contact surface with pressures applied and extended linearity in a wider pressure range. For uniform coating of sensing elements on the microstructured surface, oxidative chemical vapor deposition is employed to deposit a highly conformal and conductive sensing element, poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) at low temperatures (<60 °C). The fabricated pressure sensor reacts sensitively to various ranges of pressures (up to 185 kPa−1) depending on the density of the multiscale features and shows an ultrafast response time (≈36 µs). The mechanism investigations through the finite element analysis identify the effect of the multiscale structure on the figure‐of‐merit sensing performance. These unique findings are expected to be of significant relevance to technology that requires higher sensing capability, scalability, and facile adjustment of a sensor geometry in a cost‐effective manufacturing manner.more » « less
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